In North Macedonia, civil proceedings are adversarial in nature, meaning that, as a rule, it is for the parties to make and prove the factual allegations relevant to the dispute. When the understanding of the relevant facts requires expert knowledge not available to the court, the parties prove their allegations via expert opinion.

The Serbian Commission for the Protection of Competition has recently adopted a set of by-laws elaborating key concepts introduced by the Unfair Trading Practices Act (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2026).

The newly enacted Civil Procedure Act of North Macedonia (“Official Gazette” No. 151/2026, dated 8 July 2026) confers standing upon associations, foundations, institutions, and other organizations which, within the scope of their statutory activities, are engaged in the protection of collective interests and rights, to initiate collective actions against individuals or legal entities whose conduct, activities, or omissions result in serious violations or substantial endangerment of such collective interests and rights.