Requirement that a party be represented by qualified attorney The disputed provision of the Law on Civil Procedure required that a party be represented in civil litigation by a qualified attorney, unless it opts for self-representation. Legal entities could have also been represented by an in-house lawyer employed with the entity, provided the in-house counsel had passed bar exam. The Constitutional Court found that these provisions unduly restrict the right to access to court and the right to fair trial and declared them unconstitutional. Read more
