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On 18 November 2025, the amendments to the Value Added Tax Act were adopted in North Macedonia, narrowing down the VAT exemption for import of small value parcels. Prior to...
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In the second half of the year, the Italian Competition and Market Authority (“AGCM“) opened two investigations into potential violations of consumer protection law in the context of AI systems...
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In a decision of 26 September 2025, the Montenegrin Agency for Personal Data Protection and Free Access to Information (“Agency”) determined that the publication of a court judgment against a...
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The new Serbian Information Security Act, based on the NIS2 Directive, entered into force today. The previous information security law in Serbia was enacted in January 2016, half a year...
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Comprehensive immigration and tax guide to relocating to work in North Macedonia, 2nd edition, October 2025

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The Spanish Supreme Court’s judgment from 10 July 2025 adds a significant new chapter to the debate on privacy, image rights, and journalism in the digital era by confronting head-on...
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In July 2025, a number of amendments to the Montenegrin Capital Markets Act (Zakon o tržištu kapitala, “Official Gazette of Montenegro”, nos. 001/18 and 069/25) (“Capital Markets Act“) entered into...
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1. Regulatory recap The first half of 2025 saw many regulatory and legislative developments in the energy sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We draw attention to several of the most...
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On 31 July 2025, the Parliament of Montenegro adopted the new Games of Chance Act, introducing significant reforms to the gambling sector. The Act brings notable changes, including the elimination...
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The Higher Regional Court of Cologne recently published the reasoning for its decision of 23 May 2025 regarding the permissibility of Meta’s processing of users’ personal data for the purpose...
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